Zotsatirazi ndizo zolakwika zisanu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kupanga.

Kukhala ndi mbali popanga kupanga, kupyola muzitsulo, kugudubuza, nkhonya, kutembenuza, kugaya, kutentha kwa kutentha ndi njira zina, zingawonekere zamtundu uliwonse.Zotsatirazi ndizo zolakwika zisanu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kupanga.

1, kupeta zolakwika - kupukutira

Chifukwa cha zinthu zodula, burr, m'mphepete mwa ndege ndi zifukwa zina, zimakhala zosavuta kupanga zopindika pamwamba, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kupindika kwakuda, mawonekedwe osakhazikika, osavuta kuwonekera pamwamba pazigawo.
Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito fulorosenti maginito ufa pofuna kuzindikira zolakwika kuti chilema chiwonetsedwe bwino komanso mwachilengedwe.Zopangira ndi zopindika za maginito ndi pamwamba pa ngodya ina ya mzere, poyambira ndi pepala la nsomba.
Gawo lachilemalo linapangidwa kukhala zitsanzo za metallographic ndikuwonedwa pansi pa microscope.Mchira wopundukawo unali wozungulira komanso wosasunthika, mbali zonse ziwiri zinali zosalala, ndipo panali chodziwika bwino cha okosijeni.Palibe zophatikiza zakuthupi ndi matupi ena akunja omwe adapezeka pachilema.Madzi ozizira atatha kuwononga chitsanzo cha metallographic, mbali ya chilema ndi mbali zake ziwiri zinali ndi decarburization ndi oxidation kwambiri.Maonekedwe amtundu wa chilemawo adawonedwa, ndipo kupendekera kwa pulasitiki kunali koonekeratu, popanda kung'ambika kwa morphology.Kupyolera mu kuyesa kwa microhardness ndi kuwunika kwa metallographic, kuuma kwa carburizing kunalipo pamadigiri osiyanasiyana pamtunda wosanjikiza.Pomaliza, chilema chimayenera kukhalapo chisanachitike chithandizo cha kutentha ndi kuzimitsidwa, ndikulumikizana ndi dziko lakunja, ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti apinda.

2, kukonza zolakwika - kupangira chiwopsezo

Kutentha kwakukulu kudzachitika pamene kutentha kwa forging kwakwera kwambiri ndipo nthawi yogwira ndi yayitali kwambiri.Pazovuta kwambiri, kusungunuka kwa malire a tirigu kapena kusungunuka kumachitika.Kuyang'ana kwa Microscopic kukuwonetsa kuti malire anjere zachitsulo pamtunda wosanjikiza ndi okosijeni komanso wosweka ndi ngodya yakuthwa.Komanso, malire a tirigu anayambanso kusungunuka m'madera omwe mkati mwazitsulo zachitsulozo zinali zogawanika kwambiri, ndipo pazovuta kwambiri, mapanga opangidwa ndi mapanga.Zinthu zowotchedwa mopitirira muyeso zimapangika mopanda chilema chotere, kumenyedwa ndi nyundo yolemera, kukhomerera ndi kugaya, ndipo chilemacho chimang'ambika apa, ndikupanga chilema chokulirapo.Kuwotcha kwambiri pamwamba pa forging kuli ngati peel lalanje ndi ming'alu yabwino ndi wandiweyani oxide peel.
Ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito fulorosenti maginito ufa kuti azindikire zolakwika kuti chilemacho chiwoneke bwino.Mabowo otsekera amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwamphamvu pakufota.
Kuwona kwapang'onopang'ono kwa zitsanzo za metallographic zomwe zidapangidwa motsatira gawo lachilema zidawonetsa kuti mabowowo adagawidwa pamtunda komanso pamwamba.Mabowowo anali aang’ono m’mbali zina, okhala ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana ndipo analibe pansi mwakuya.Panali ming'alu yabwino m'mphepete ndi makutidwe amtundu wa tirigu m'malo ena.Kuonjezera apo, malo ophwanyika adawonedwa ataphwanyidwa pamodzi ndi mabowo achilema.Zinapezeka kuti fractureyo inali yofanana ndi miyala, ndipo chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabowo ndi ming'alu yaying'ono inagawidwa pa izo.

3. Kuzimitsa mng'alu

Pozimitsira, pamene kutentha kozimitsira kuli kwakukulu kwambiri kapena kuzizira kumakhala kofulumira kwambiri, kupsinjika kwa mkati kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa mphamvu ya fracture ya zinthu, padzakhala ming'alu yozimitsa.
Kuwunika kwa tinthu ta fluorescent kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo chidwi komanso kudalirika.Zizindikiro za maginito zozimitsa zowonongeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zozungulira, zozungulira, dendritic kapena reticular, zokhala ndi malo oyambira oyambira ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimapatulira motsatira njira yowonjezera.
Kwenikweni motsatira kugawa kwamayendedwe ozungulira, kutsika kwa mchira.Pambuyo kudula mng'alu kupanga chitsanzo metallographic, zikhoza kuoneka kuti mng'alu ndi zakuya kwambiri, makamaka perpendicular pamwamba pamwamba, ndipo palibe kuphatikizika zakuthupi ndi matupi ena achilendo amapezeka mu mng'alu.Zinawoneka kuti fractureyo inali yowonongeka ndipo pamwamba pa fracture mwachiwonekere anali pyrochromatic.

4, zolakwika za kugaya

Pozimitsira, pamene kutentha kozimitsira kuli kwakukulu kwambiri kapena kuzizira kumakhala kofulumira kwambiri, kupsinjika kwa mkati kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa mphamvu ya fracture ya zinthu, padzakhala ming'alu yozimitsa.
Kuwunika kwa tinthu ta fluorescent kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo chidwi komanso kudalirika.Zizindikiro za maginito zozimitsa zowonongeka nthawi zambiri zimakhala zozungulira, zozungulira, dendritic kapena reticular, zokhala ndi malo oyambira oyambira ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimapatulira motsatira njira yowonjezera.
Kwenikweni motsatira kugawa kwamayendedwe ozungulira, kutsika kwa mchira.Pambuyo kudula mng'alu kupanga chitsanzo metallographic, zikhoza kuoneka kuti mng'alu ndi zakuya kwambiri, makamaka perpendicular pamwamba pamwamba, ndipo palibe kuphatikizika zakuthupi ndi matupi ena achilendo amapezeka mu mng'alu.Zinawoneka kuti fractureyo inali yowonongeka ndipo pamwamba pa fracture mwachiwonekere anali pyrochromatic.

5. Zowonongeka za zipangizo

Pogaya zokhala ndi mbali, ming'alu yopera imakhala yosavuta kuchitika chifukwa cha chakudya chochuluka cha gudumu lopera, kutha kwa shaft ya mchenga, kusakwanira kwamadzimadzi odulira ndi kugaya njere za gudumu.Komanso, pa kutentha mankhwala, quenching kutentha ndi mkulu kwambiri, chifukwa kutenthedwa kwa mbali, coarse mbewu, otsala voliyumu austenite, mauna ndi coarse particles.
Zizindikiro za maginito zopumira nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhala ndi ukonde, zozungulira, zofananira za mzere kapena zosweka.Zizindikiro za maginito ndi zoonda komanso zakuthwa, zokhala ndi ndondomeko yomveka bwino ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha izo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwirizana ndi njira yopera.Zizindikiro za maginito nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pakatikati, motsatira njira yozungulira, mawonekedwe a mzere wautali kapena dendritic, partial bifurcation, magnetic marks convergence.
Zinawoneka kuti gawo la crack linali labwino komanso lolunjika pamwamba.Palibe kuphatikizika kwa zinthu, sikelo ya oxide ndi matupi ena akunja omwe adapezeka mu gawo la crack.